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syndrome brachycephaly

This term usually indicates a syndrome respiratory syndrome, or obstructive upper airway due to the presence of real multiple anatomical abnormalities that are typical of both brachycephalic breeds of dogs (Bulldogs, Boston Terrier, Pug, Pekingese, Shi Tzu, Shar-pei, but Chow-chow, Bull Mastiff, Boxer and others) of cats (Persian and Himalayan).

In these races you have a bone growth in width of the head, but not in length, while the soft tissues are not reduced in proportion to the skeleton bone that holds them.

Such alterations that may lead to develop serious respiratory problems also include stenotic nares (ie too narrow), an overly long soft palate, the eversion of the laryngeal ventricles, laryngeal collapse, and typical of the British Bulldog, tracheal hypoplasia.

The severity of these abnormalities may be of varying degrees, also may act separately or you can have different combinations of these in the same subject.
This leads to very different clinical pictures, but usually the common framework is to reduce the flow of air through the upper respiratory tract (extrathoracic), which produces obstructive symptoms with evident breath sounds, with screeching and wheezing (breathing snoring), increase in respiratory effort, possible problems swallowing, cyanosis of varying degrees up to syncope, with loss of consciousness.
course, the symptoms will worsen in the course of exercise, excitement or stress and rise in temperature and humidity: all situations in which the animal tends to develop polypnea, making it the largest difficulties in the passage of air.
inspiratory efforts associated with this syndrome usually cause edema and consequently inflammation secondary laryngeal and pharyngeal mucosa, accentuating the eversion of the laryngeal ventricle, which further reduces the diameter of the glottis, worsening symptoms and triggering a vicious cycle that leads to a growing sense of suffocation in the animal.
From the above it is clear that in some cases can produce a dangerous obstruction of the upper airway, which is put at risk the very life of the subject and which requires immediate emergency treatment.
Let's see how to diagnose this syndrome.
In general, it is assumed based race, symptoms and appearance of the external nostrils: stenosis of the nostrils is usually bilaterally symmetrical and wing folds can be sucked in during inspiration, thereby worsening the reduction of air flow.
Among the tests is recommended in the first direct observation of the larynx by laryngoscope, and, secondly, the radiographic evaluation of the upper airways of the trachea and in particular, to estimate the amount and severity of changes and then issue a final diagnosis.
Most most other causes of upper airway obstruction in fact you can confirm or exclude based on its results of these tests.
With regard to the therapy must bear in mind that it is designed to minimize factors that exacerbate the clinical symptoms (and is therefore recommended a reduction in body weight, we must also limit ' exercise, remove the states of agitation, promote environmental and body cooling) and increase the flow of air through the upper airway (including oxygen therapy).
Il trattamento di scelta è di sicuro la correzione chirurgica dei difetti anatomici.
La procedura specifica ovviamente dipende dall'anomalia che si vuole correggere e può includere sia l'ampliamento delle narici esterne che l'asportazione della porzione del palato molle in eccesso e dei ventricoli laringei estroflessi.
La correzione delle narici stenotiche è un intervento abbastanza semplice e può da solo portare ad una sorprendente diminuzione dei sintomi nei soggetti affetti.
Il trattamento medico, che consiste nella somministrazione di glucocorticoidi a rapida action (anti-inflammatory doses), Oxygen and enforced rest in a cage, may reduce both inflammation and edema of the pharynx and larynx and secondary, thus increasing the air flow, alleviate symptoms for some time, but unfortunately not will however be sufficient to solve the problem, even if it extends too may even aggravate the disease progression.

However in an emergency situation, for sure will help to mitigate the obstructive symptoms and the resulting difficulty in breathing, allowing us to take time to plan the best surgical therapy.
in what the prognosis will depend therefore on the severity of anatomic and on whether or not to correct surgically. For many animals
prognosis resulting from the latter option, especially if performed early (usually within the first two years of age), is good. laryngeal collapse instead is a negative prognostic indicator.

The permanent tracheotomy or tracheostomy can be considered a salvage procedure in patients with severe collapse.
It should also be emphasized that a hypoplastic trachea unfortunately can not be treated surgically, but that does not even exist a clear and direct correlation between the degree of hypoplasia, the morbidity and mortality. The symptoms gradually worsen
instead if you do not correct the issues that have been unleashed.