parasitosis is the most widespread and frequent throughout the world, that affects both dogs (Toxocara canis and Toxascaris leonina) and cats (Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina). 
We are talking about round worms (nematodes) of white, the length between 2 and 18 cm that are located in the adult form, at the level of 'small intestine of their hosts, actively swimming against the current against del flusso delle ingesta, determinato dalla peristalsi intestinale. 
L'infestazione avviene principalmente per ingestione delle uova (direttamente o tramite un ospite paratenico cioè un vettore meccanico, come ad esempio un invertebrato). Le uova di questi vermi infatti sono assai resistenti in ambiente esterno (dove, in condizioni ottimali, maturano in 10-15 giorni) e si caratterizzano inoltre per l'estrema adesività grazie al loro peculiare guscio mammellonato.
Quando mature esse contengono una larva infestante (detta L2), che una volta ingerita, sotto lo stimolo di fattori dell'ambiente gastroenterico (temperatura, moisture, pH and CO2), the shell is free and begins to migrate through the enterohepatic, reaching the liver where the larvae L2 L3 to carry the mutation later. 
Always through the circle are placed subsequently in the lungs, where change still in L3/L4 and actively going through the bronchi up to the trachea, are swallowed finally completing their development of adult small intestine. 
Next to this cycle (characteristic of Toxocara spp.) Covering the adults, we must consider a different way regarding fetuses and pups under 2 months, or the passage of larvae L2 transplacentally or via colostrum and milk of L3 larvae (in this case, these larvae do not do more migrations, but complete their development in the gut in 30 days), and finally 'ingestion of larvae L2 dormant encysted at the level of somatic muscles or internal organs of paratenic host (cockroaches, earthworms, rodents, chickens, pigs, etc.). that in this case making the classic migration entero-hepato-pulmonary-enteritis. 
pointed out that the suppression of the immune response that occurs during pregnancy and lactation promotes the migration of somatic larvae, not only to the fetus and breast cancers, but also intestine of the dog and the cat itself, which, therefore, at this time in the external scatter a large number of eggs. 
As for the symptoms related to such parasites, usually the larval migration (microascaridiosi) shall take effect almost always asymptomatic, but sometimes, especially in the case of a high parasite load, we could detect pneumonia, vomiting and diarrhea. 
forms of infestation by adult parasites (macroascaridiosi), however, result in the puppy first and foremost a stunted growth with poor weight gain, poor conditions of the mantle and possible epileptiform crisis subtractive per share of nutrients (like glucose), and then, by direct mechanical action (you could even intestinal obstruction due to the presence of bundles of these pests) and irritation to the gastrointestinal tract drooling, vomiting and diarrhea. 
Cubs appear smaller with the presence of such forms is a typical abdomen swollen and tense. In these cases the pesticide treatments are not free from risk, since the death of a large number of parasites, without being expelled, in addition to determine partial or complete intestinal blockage, a greater absorption of histamine-like substances to toxic action as a result of the collapse of the worms.
Among other possibilities that can be realized in the course of macroascaridiosi should be taken into consideration by the appearance of jaundice stasis, for the wedge of helminths in the bile duct or as a result of intussusception, for involvement of the intestine small intestine where the pipe ends. 
In severe cases, may extend to intestinal perforation with peritonitis fatal! In chronic infestations are frequently found at last been anemic, weakness, bone dystrophies and preserved or increased appetite with weight loss.
In adults the symptoms are usually more vague and include in addition to poor general conditions, gastrointestinal disorders and occasional small claims: a disordered bowel function with alternating loose stools, vomiting and constipation normal or sporadic. 
The diagnosis is easier for macroascaridiosi, since it is more likely that we will find parasitological examination of feces (flotation) eggs removed from adult females, since they produce in abundance. 
But sometimes the lack of positive findings scatology, it allows us to make immediate diagnosis, so it is advisable to repeat the examination several times, because it might mean that we are still in the period prepatenza (adult forms that have not yet completed their reproductive phase) or in the course of microascaridiosi and therefore we must give time to the larvae reach the intestine and become adults, so start to produce eggs. 
But sometimes the parasites reach the stomach may be vomited, or otherwise (especially in cases of minor infestations), the host organism is able to have the upper hand, thanks to the immune reaction (as evidenced, inter alia, by high eosinophilia), and causes death and thus to expel the feces and in such cases the direct observation of adults, to eliminate possible to effettuare una diagnosi diretta, senza ombra di dubbio. 
La terapia prevede l'uso di vari antielmintici, ma tra i principi attivi più efficaci e sicuri, c'è senz'altro il pirantel pamoato, consigliato soprattutto nei cuccioli e nei gattini, specie se affetti da diarrea. 
Mentre nelle cagne gravide, per prevenire l'infestazione dei cuccioli, può essere somministrato il fenbendazolo a basso dosaggio, a partire dal 40° giorno di gravidanza sino al 14° giorno dopo il parto. Altro principio attivo efficace è la piperazina (può essere somministrata anche in presenza di gastroenterite o in animali gravidi). 
In ogni caso non è mai sufficiente un solo ed unico trattamento, ma è sempre consigliabile ripetere ad intervalli regolari di due o tre settimane, la somministrazione dell'antielmintico, in genere almeno per due-tre volte; questo perché si tratta di sostanze che agiscono soltanto sulle forme adulte presenti nell'intestino al momento della somministrazione, mentre le forme larvali non vengono raggiunte. 
La prognosi di guarigione, in conseguenza della corretta somministrazione dell'antielmintico più indicato, in genere è buona, fatta eccezione per le infestazioni massive in soggetti giovani, in cui la crescita è già molto compromessa al momento del trattamento, and could therefore never reach their physiological size. 
An important chapter is that of prevention, because we are talking about a parasitic disease that also affects humans, even accidentally. In human medicine it has long been known and reported all over the world, a special morbid syndrome is defined by "larva migrans" visceral, in which all stakeholders are the viscera, and especially the liver, lungs, eyes and the brain.
In these locations the L2 larvae, mostly T.canis, just accidentally taken by mouth with mature eggs released into the environment (More frequent occurrence in children), Migrate inflammatory processes that trigger reactive histiocytic and eosinophilic granulomatosis in print. 
For this reason, we recommend the removal of faeces from public places and also recommended accurate pest control (with sodium hypochlorite, or phenol) of kennels and farms in order to clean up the environment, systematically destroying the eggs of these pests, as well as frequent and regular worming is recommended in animals that share our home environment. 
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