Fever is an increase in body temperature compared with physiological values, which in dogs and cats with a minimum of 37 ° 8'C to a maximum of 39 ° 3'C, in response to a disease process or a drug. It should be differentiated by hyperthermia, since both the causes and treatment in the two conditions differ considerably.
In fact the term fever indicate increases in body temperature due to the endogenous formation of heat, and secondarily to an increase in the calibration point of the hypothalamic thermoregulation system.
instead Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature that occurs when the calibration point is normal, for example due to an external heat source or excessive exercise.
instead Hyperthermia is an increase in body temperature that occurs when the calibration point is normal, for example due to an external heat source or excessive exercise. fever is therefore due to disease processes or medications that cause, directly or indirectly (through pyrogenic substances that cause the production and release of cytokines such as interleukin and prostaglandins by mononuclear leukocytes and macrophages), rising point calibration of temperature control, moving the standard to values \u200b\u200bhigher than normal and turning, therefore, appropriate physiological responses on the part of 'organism designed to produce enough heat to bring the level of body heat to the new value by muscle contraction (the so-called chills) and ensuring its continuation through vasoconstriction.
These reactions result in increases in metabolic demand of muscle wasting, bone marrow suppression, increases in water and energy needs and, sometimes, in severe cases and prolonged, vascular coagulation disseminated ( December ) and shock.
These reactions result in increases in metabolic demand of muscle wasting, bone marrow suppression, increases in water and energy needs and, sometimes, in severe cases and prolonged, vascular coagulation disseminated ( December ) and shock. remember that if a prolonged fever that exceeds 40 °, 5'C leads to dehydration, anorexia and depression of sensorium, once it reaches beyond 41 °, 1'C can cause cerebral edema, neurological signs, depression bone marrow and December.
The factors causing fever are mainly represented by:
INFECTIOUS AGENTS
-Virus ( FeLV , FIV , Parvovirus , Virus del Cimurro, Herpesvirus e Calicivirus )
-Batteri ( endotossine di batteri Gram positivi e Gram negativi)
-Micosi sistemiche ( Histoplasma , Blastomyces , Coccidioidomyces e Cryptococcus )
- Rickettsie ( Ehrlichia , Rickettisia rickettsii , Hemobartonella )
-Parasites and protozoa ( Babesia, Toxoplasma, larva migrans aberrant thromboembolism by Dirofilaria , Leishmania).
DISEASES immune-mediated
-systemic lupus erythematosus
-immune-mediated hemolytic anemia
- immune-mediated thrombocytopenia
- Pemphigus
-Polyarthritis
- Polymyositis
- Vasculitis
-reactions to blood transfusions
Endocrine and metabolic causes
-Hyperthyroidism
- hypoadrenocorticism
- Pheochromocytoma
- hyperlipidaemia
- Hypernatremia
NEOPLASMS
Lymphoma-
myeloproliferative disease-
-Neoplasms plasmocellulari
- mastocytoma
-tumor metastasis and solid tumors (mainly liver, kidneys, bones, lungs and lymph nodes).
other inflammatory diseases - cholangiohepatitis
- hepatic lipidosis
-toxic liver disease-cirrhosis
Inflammation-intestinal
-Pancreatitis Peritonitis
-
-Pleurisy
-granulomatous diseases
-Thrombophlebitis
-Myocardial
- Pansteatite
- panniculitis
-hypertrophic osteodystrophy
-blunt trauma
-cyclical neutropenia
-intracranial lesions (encephalitis, trauma, etc.).
- pulmonary thromboembolism.
DRUGS AND TOXIC COMPOUND
-Antibiotics (Cephalosporins , Penicillin, Tetracycline, Griseofulvin , nitrofurantoin, amphotericin B)
-Sulfonamides
-Barbiturates
-halide
-Atropine
- Cimetidine
- MMI
- Propylthiouracil
-Salicylates (in alte dosi)
- Antiistaminici
- Procainamide
-Metalli pesanti
Infine si parla di febbre di origine sconosciuta ( FUO = Fever of Unknown Origin ) per indicare una condizione di rialzo termico che perdura da 1 o 2 settimane, apparentemente senza nessuna causa ovvero senza contemporanee anomalie rilevabili agli esami diagnostici di routine e che soprattutto non risponde alle normali terapie antibiotiche.
I segni clinici di più comune riscontro in presenza di febbre (oltre alle manifestazioni direttamente collegate alla malattia primaria che ne è causa), sono dati da letargia, anoressia e comportamenti atipici, come la tendenza a nascondersi o l'irritabilità. Infine possono essere presenti altre manifestazioni riferibili alla malattia primaria responsabile del rialzo termico.
Una buona indagine anamnestica (contatto con agenti infettanti, una recente vaccinazione, somministrazione di farmaci, morsicature d'insetti, episodi di allergia, ecc.) ed un'accurata visita clinica possono contribuire di solito a stabilire correttamente quale sia la malattia all'origine della febbre.
remember that stress is the anxiety that an animal alive during the visit or hospitalization, are in themselves sufficient to determine a slight rise in temperature, however, generally not exceeding 39 ° 4'C. The fever plays a crucial role when it exceeds 40 ° C, while temperatures above 41 ° 7'C are usually considered as a result of hyperthermia that is absolutely treated early because it puts at risk the life of the subject.
Among the treatments to be implemented by first principle is the reduction of all physical activity also causes a fever since the hypercatabolism , should provide the body with an intake of the diets affected and above all a high calorie fluids balanced which in itself alone could help to reduce body temperature.
Keep in mind that the primary goal of therapy should be to restore the center of the standard physiological thermoregulation previous value, set at a level lower than at present. But the choice of drugs to be administered to achieve this goal depends on the diagnosis and specific cause which induced fever.
So it is not advisable to start immediately a shock therapy with broad spectrum, as a substitute for a thorough diagnostic procedure, unless the patient's condition are not really critical or getting worse quickly.
Recall that a fever can help control the disease in place (for example, by preventing bacterial or viral replication and thereby facilitate the action of the natural immunity of the host, because the high temperatures encourage many enzymatic processes).
For this reason, the antipyretic treatment will be used only when the fever persists for many hours and could endanger the life of the subject, exceeding 41 ° C.
This treatment is however indicated in patients who are already in perfect physical condition (heart failure, seizures, difficulty breathing, etc.). but we must remember, however, that doing so risks failing to identify the root cause of the fever itself and of delaying the introduction of a proper treatment, altering patient monitoring, which would include the observation of ' trend in body temperature every 12 hours and possible side effects analysis (blood and urine tests, x-rays, ultrasounds, biopsies, etc.). .
Finally, it is said that if as regards the subject of youth is more likely that the origin of the fever there is an infectious disease, more than any other cause, but in these the prognosis is better than that of older animals, where the causes common but are represented by fever and infections, abdominal tumors, the clinical signs tend to be nonspecific and the prognosis is often confidential.
I segni clinici di più comune riscontro in presenza di febbre (oltre alle manifestazioni direttamente collegate alla malattia primaria che ne è causa), sono dati da letargia, anoressia e comportamenti atipici, come la tendenza a nascondersi o l'irritabilità. Infine possono essere presenti altre manifestazioni riferibili alla malattia primaria responsabile del rialzo termico. Una buona indagine anamnestica (contatto con agenti infettanti, una recente vaccinazione, somministrazione di farmaci, morsicature d'insetti, episodi di allergia, ecc.) ed un'accurata visita clinica possono contribuire di solito a stabilire correttamente quale sia la malattia all'origine della febbre.
remember that stress is the anxiety that an animal alive during the visit or hospitalization, are in themselves sufficient to determine a slight rise in temperature, however, generally not exceeding 39 ° 4'C. The fever plays a crucial role when it exceeds 40 ° C, while temperatures above 41 ° 7'C are usually considered as a result of hyperthermia that is absolutely treated early because it puts at risk the life of the subject. Among the treatments to be implemented by first principle is the reduction of all physical activity also causes a fever since the hypercatabolism , should provide the body with an intake of the diets affected and above all a high calorie fluids balanced which in itself alone could help to reduce body temperature.
Keep in mind that the primary goal of therapy should be to restore the center of the standard physiological thermoregulation previous value, set at a level lower than at present. But the choice of drugs to be administered to achieve this goal depends on the diagnosis and specific cause which induced fever. So it is not advisable to start immediately a shock therapy with broad spectrum, as a substitute for a thorough diagnostic procedure, unless the patient's condition are not really critical or getting worse quickly.
Recall that a fever can help control the disease in place (for example, by preventing bacterial or viral replication and thereby facilitate the action of the natural immunity of the host, because the high temperatures encourage many enzymatic processes).
For this reason, the antipyretic treatment will be used only when the fever persists for many hours and could endanger the life of the subject, exceeding 41 ° C. This treatment is however indicated in patients who are already in perfect physical condition (heart failure, seizures, difficulty breathing, etc.). but we must remember, however, that doing so risks failing to identify the root cause of the fever itself and of delaying the introduction of a proper treatment, altering patient monitoring, which would include the observation of ' trend in body temperature every 12 hours and possible side effects analysis (blood and urine tests, x-rays, ultrasounds, biopsies, etc.). .
Finally, it is said that if as regards the subject of youth is more likely that the origin of the fever there is an infectious disease, more than any other cause, but in these the prognosis is better than that of older animals, where the causes common but are represented by fever and infections, abdominal tumors, the clinical signs tend to be nonspecific and the prognosis is often confidential. 
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